Melanoma is a form of skin cancer. It is a reasonably common type of cancer that has a range of potential causes and risk factors. The two main factors are having fair complexion and hair, and having high levels of UV light exposure, either through the sun or through sunbeds. If caught early, melanoma is a treatable form of cancer, with an excellent prognosis. To catch it early, however, you have to be aware of the different melanoma signs and symptoms.